optimal design of cantilever retaining wall using differential evolution algorithm

optimal design of cantilever reinforced concrete retaining wall can lead considerable cost saving if its involvement in hill road formation and railway line formation is significant.  a study of weight reduction optimization of reinforced cantilever retaining wall subjected to a sloped backfill using differential evolution algorithm (dea) is carried out in the present research.  the retaining wall carrying a sloped backfill is investigated manually and the problem is solved using the algorithm and results were compared. the indian standard design philosophy is followed throughout the research. the design variables, constraint equations were determined and optimized with dea. the single objective constrained optimization problem deals with seven design variables of cantilever retaining wall in which four design variables constitutes  to geometric dimensions and remaining three variables constitutes to the reinforcement steel area. ten different constraints are considered and each of it deals with ten failure modes of retaining wall. further, a sensitivity analysis is carried out by varying the parameters namely, height of the stem and thickness of stem at top, both of it being a constant design variable in the normal optimization problem. results show that about 15% weight reduction is achieved while comparing with manual solution.